1. Because people are generally better at detecting mistakes in others’ work than in their own, a prudent principle is that one should always have one’s own checked by someone else.
Which one of the following provides the best
illustration of the principle above?
(A) The best elementary school math teachers are
not those for whom math was always easy.
Teachers who had to struggle through math
themselves are better able to explain math to
students.
(B) One must make a special effort to clearly
explain one’s views to someone else; people
normally find it easier to understand their
own views than to understand others’ views.
(C) Juries composed of legal novices, rather than
panels of lawyers, should be the final arbiters
in legal proceedings. People who are not
legal experts are in a better position to detect
good legal arguments by lawyers than are
other lawyers.
(D) People should always have their writing
proofread by someone else. Someone who
does not know in advance what is meant to
be said is in a better position to spot
typographical errors.
(E) Two people going out for dinner will have a
more enjoyable meal if they order for each
other. By allowing someone else to choose,
one opens oneself up to new and exciting
dining experiences.
2. Sharon, a noted collector of fine glass, found a rare glass vase in a secondhand store in a small town she was visiting. The vase was priced at $10, but Sharon knew that it was worth at least $1,000. Saying nothing to the storekeeper about the value of the vase, Sharon bought the vase for $10. Weeks later the storekeeper read a newspaper article about Sharon’s collection, which mentioned the vase and how she had acquired it. When the irate storekeeper later accused Sharon of taking advantage of him, Sharon replied that she had done nothing wrong.
Which one of the following principles, if established,
most helps to justify Sharon’s position?
(A) A seller is not obligated to inform a buyer of
anything about the merchandise that the
seller offers for sale except for the demanded
price.
(B) It is the responsibility of the seller, not the
buyer, to make sure that the amount of money
a buyer gives a seller in exchange for
merchandise matches the amount that the
seller demands for that merchandise.
(C) A buyer’s sole obligation to a seller is to pay in
full the price that the seller demands for a
piece of merchandise that the buyer acquires
from the seller.
(D) It is the responsibility of the buyer, not the
seller, to ascertain that the quality of a piece
of merchandise satisfies the buyer’s
standards.
(E) The obligations that follow from any social
relationship between two people who are
well acquainted override any obligations that
follow from an economic relationship
between the two.
3. A gift is not generous unless it is intended to benefit the recipient and is worth more than what is expected or customary in the situation; a gift is selfish if it is given to benefit the giver or is less valuable than is customary.
Which one of the following judgments most closely
conforms to the principle above?
(A) Charles, who hates opera, was given two
expensive tickets to the opera. He in turn
gave them to his cousin, who loves opera, as
a birthday gift. Charles’s gift was selfish
because he paid nothing for the tickets.
(B) Emily gives her brother a year’s membership in
a health club. She thinks that this will allow
her brother to get the exercise he needs.
However, the gift is selfish because Emily’s
brother is hurt and offended by it.
(C) Amanda gives each of her clients an expensive
bottle of wine every year. Amanda’s gifts are
generous, since they cause the clients to
continue giving Amanda business.
(D) Olga gives her daughter a computer as a
graduation gift. Since this is the gift that all
children in Olga’s family receive for
graduation, it is not generous.
(E) Michael gave his nephew $50 as a birthday
gift, more than he had ever given before.
Michael’s nephew, however, lost the money.
Therefore, Michael’s gift was not generous
because it did not benefit the recipient.
4. Some scientists have expressed reservations about quantum theory because of its counterintuitive consequences. But despite rigorous attempts to show that quantum theory’s predictions were inaccurate, they were shown to be accurate within the generally accepted statistical margin of error. These results, which have not been equaled by quantum theory’s competitors, warrant acceptance of quantum theory.
Which one of the following principles most helps to
justify the reasoning above?
(A) A scientific theory should be accepted if it has
fewer counterintuitive consequences than do
its competitors.
(B) A scientific theory should be accepted if it has
been subjected to serious attempts to
disprove it and has withstood all of them.
(C) The consequences of a scientific theory should
not be considered counterintuitive if the
theory’s predictions have been found to be
accurate.
(D) A theory should not be rejected until it has
been subjected to serious attempts to
disprove it.
(E) A theory should be accepted only if its
predictions have not been disproved by
experiment.
Which one of the following provides the best
illustration of the principle above?
(A) The best elementary school math teachers are
not those for whom math was always easy.
Teachers who had to struggle through math
themselves are better able to explain math to
students.
(B) One must make a special effort to clearly
explain one’s views to someone else; people
normally find it easier to understand their
own views than to understand others’ views.
(C) Juries composed of legal novices, rather than
panels of lawyers, should be the final arbiters
in legal proceedings. People who are not
legal experts are in a better position to detect
good legal arguments by lawyers than are
other lawyers.
(D) People should always have their writing
proofread by someone else. Someone who
does not know in advance what is meant to
be said is in a better position to spot
typographical errors.
(E) Two people going out for dinner will have a
more enjoyable meal if they order for each
other. By allowing someone else to choose,
one opens oneself up to new and exciting
dining experiences.
2. Sharon, a noted collector of fine glass, found a rare glass vase in a secondhand store in a small town she was visiting. The vase was priced at $10, but Sharon knew that it was worth at least $1,000. Saying nothing to the storekeeper about the value of the vase, Sharon bought the vase for $10. Weeks later the storekeeper read a newspaper article about Sharon’s collection, which mentioned the vase and how she had acquired it. When the irate storekeeper later accused Sharon of taking advantage of him, Sharon replied that she had done nothing wrong.
Which one of the following principles, if established,
most helps to justify Sharon’s position?
(A) A seller is not obligated to inform a buyer of
anything about the merchandise that the
seller offers for sale except for the demanded
price.
(B) It is the responsibility of the seller, not the
buyer, to make sure that the amount of money
a buyer gives a seller in exchange for
merchandise matches the amount that the
seller demands for that merchandise.
(C) A buyer’s sole obligation to a seller is to pay in
full the price that the seller demands for a
piece of merchandise that the buyer acquires
from the seller.
(D) It is the responsibility of the buyer, not the
seller, to ascertain that the quality of a piece
of merchandise satisfies the buyer’s
standards.
(E) The obligations that follow from any social
relationship between two people who are
well acquainted override any obligations that
follow from an economic relationship
between the two.
3. A gift is not generous unless it is intended to benefit the recipient and is worth more than what is expected or customary in the situation; a gift is selfish if it is given to benefit the giver or is less valuable than is customary.
Which one of the following judgments most closely
conforms to the principle above?
(A) Charles, who hates opera, was given two
expensive tickets to the opera. He in turn
gave them to his cousin, who loves opera, as
a birthday gift. Charles’s gift was selfish
because he paid nothing for the tickets.
(B) Emily gives her brother a year’s membership in
a health club. She thinks that this will allow
her brother to get the exercise he needs.
However, the gift is selfish because Emily’s
brother is hurt and offended by it.
(C) Amanda gives each of her clients an expensive
bottle of wine every year. Amanda’s gifts are
generous, since they cause the clients to
continue giving Amanda business.
(D) Olga gives her daughter a computer as a
graduation gift. Since this is the gift that all
children in Olga’s family receive for
graduation, it is not generous.
(E) Michael gave his nephew $50 as a birthday
gift, more than he had ever given before.
Michael’s nephew, however, lost the money.
Therefore, Michael’s gift was not generous
because it did not benefit the recipient.
4. Some scientists have expressed reservations about quantum theory because of its counterintuitive consequences. But despite rigorous attempts to show that quantum theory’s predictions were inaccurate, they were shown to be accurate within the generally accepted statistical margin of error. These results, which have not been equaled by quantum theory’s competitors, warrant acceptance of quantum theory.
Which one of the following principles most helps to
justify the reasoning above?
(A) A scientific theory should be accepted if it has
fewer counterintuitive consequences than do
its competitors.
(B) A scientific theory should be accepted if it has
been subjected to serious attempts to
disprove it and has withstood all of them.
(C) The consequences of a scientific theory should
not be considered counterintuitive if the
theory’s predictions have been found to be
accurate.
(D) A theory should not be rejected until it has
been subjected to serious attempts to
disprove it.
(E) A theory should be accepted only if its
predictions have not been disproved by
experiment.
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