1. Jorge: You won’t be able to write well about the rock music of the 1960s, since you were just an infant then. Rock music of the 1960s was created by and for people who were then in their teens and early twenties.
Ruth: Your reasoning is absurd. There are living writers who write well about ancient Roman
culture, even though those writers are obviously not a part of ancient Roman culture.
Why should my youth alone prevent me from writing well about the music of a period as
recent as the 1960s?
Ruth responds to Jorge’s criticism by
(A) challenging his claim that she was not in her
teens or early twenties during the 1960s
(B) clarifying a definition of popular culture that is
left implicit in Jorge’s argument
(C) using the example of classical culture in order
to legitimize contemporary culture as an
object worthy of serious consideration
(D) offering an analogy to counter an unstated
assumption of Jorge’s argument
(E) casting doubt on her opponent’s qualification
to make judgments about popular culture
2. Anne: Halley’s Comet, now in a part of its orbit relatively far from the Sun, recently flared brightly enough to be seen by telescope. No comet has ever been observed to flare so far from the Sun before, so such a flare must be highly unusual.
Sue: Nonsense. Usually no one bothers to try to observe comets when they are so far from the Sun. This flare was observed only because an observatory was tracking Halley’s Comet very carefully.
Sue challenges Anne’s reasoning by
(A) pointing out that Anne’s use of the term
“observed” is excessively vague
(B) drawing attention to an inconsistency between
two of Anne’s claims
(C) presenting evidence that directly contradicts
Anne’s evidence
(D) offering an alternative explanation for the
evidence Anne cites
(E) undermining some of Anne’s evidence while
agreeing with her conclusion
3. Seemingly inconsequential changes in sea temperature due to global warming eventually result in declines in fish and seabird populations. A rise of just two degrees prevents the vertical mixing of seawater from different strata. This restricts the availability of upwelling nutrients to phytoplankton. Since zooplankton, which feed upon phytoplankton, feed the rest of the food chain, the declines are inevitable.
Which one of the following most accurately
describes the role played in the argument by the
statement that zooplankton feed upon
phytoplankton?
(A) It is a hypothesis supported by the fact that
phytoplankton feed on upwelling nutrients.
(B) It is intended to provide an example of the
ways in which the vertical mixing of seawater
affects feeding habits.
(C) It helps show how global temperature changes
affect larger sea animals directly.
(D) It is offered as one reason that global warming
must be curtailed.
(E) It is offered in support of the idea that global
warming poses a threat to all organisms.
4. Nutritionist: Because humans have evolved very little since the development of agriculture, it is clear that humans are still biologically adapted to a diet of wild foods, consisting mainly of raw fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, lean meat, and seafood. Straying from this diet has often resulted in chronic illness and other physical problems. Thus, the more our diet consists of wild foods, the healthier we will be. The claim that humans are still biologically adapted to a diet of wild foods plays which one of the
following roles in the nutritionist’s argument?
(A) It is a conclusion for which the only support
offered is the claim that straying from a diet
of wild foods has often resulted in chronic
illness and other physical problems.
(B) It is a premise for which no justification is
provided, but which is used to support the
argument’s main conclusion.
(C) It is a phenomenon for which the main
conclusion of the nutritionist’s argument is
cited as an explanation.
(D) It is an intermediate conclusion for which one
claim is offered as support, and which is used
in turn to support the argument’s main
conclusion.
(E) It is a premise offered in support of the claim
that humans have evolved very little since
the development of agriculture.
5. Ingrid: Rock music has produced no songs as durable as the songs of the 1940s, which
continue to be recorded by numerous performers.
Jerome: True, rock songs are usually recorded only once. If the original recording continues to be popular, however, that fact can indicate durability, and the best rock songs will prove to be durable.
Jerome responds to Ingrid’s claim by
(A) intentionally misinterpreting the claim
(B) showing that the claim necessarily leads to a
contradiction
(C) undermining the truth of the evidence that
Ingrid presents
(D) suggesting an alternative standard for judging
the point at issue
(E) claiming that Ingrid’s knowledge of the period
under discussion is incomplete
6. Pedigreed dogs, including those officially classified as working dogs, must conform to standards set by organizations that issue pedigrees. Those standards generally specify the physical appearance necessary for a dog to be recognized as belonging to a breed but stipulate nothing about other genetic traits, such as those that enable breeds originally developed as working dogs to perform the work for which they were developed. Since dog breeders try to maintain only those traits specified by pedigree organizations, and traits that breeders do not try to maintain risk being lost, certain traits like herding ability risk being lost among pedigreed dogs. Therefore, pedigree organizations should set standards requiring working ability in pedigreed dogs classified as working dogs.
The phrase “certain traits like herding ability risk
being lost among pedigreed dogs” serves which one
of the following functions in the argument?
(A) It is a claim on which the argument depends
but for which no support is given.
(B) It is a subsidiary conclusion used in support of
the main conclusion.
(C) It acknowledges a possible objection to the
proposal put forth in the argument.
(D) It summarizes the position that the argument
as a whole is directed toward discrediting.
(E) It provides evidence necessary to support a
claim stated earlier in the argument.
Ruth: Your reasoning is absurd. There are living writers who write well about ancient Roman
culture, even though those writers are obviously not a part of ancient Roman culture.
Why should my youth alone prevent me from writing well about the music of a period as
recent as the 1960s?
Ruth responds to Jorge’s criticism by
(A) challenging his claim that she was not in her
teens or early twenties during the 1960s
(B) clarifying a definition of popular culture that is
left implicit in Jorge’s argument
(C) using the example of classical culture in order
to legitimize contemporary culture as an
object worthy of serious consideration
(D) offering an analogy to counter an unstated
assumption of Jorge’s argument
(E) casting doubt on her opponent’s qualification
to make judgments about popular culture
2. Anne: Halley’s Comet, now in a part of its orbit relatively far from the Sun, recently flared brightly enough to be seen by telescope. No comet has ever been observed to flare so far from the Sun before, so such a flare must be highly unusual.
Sue: Nonsense. Usually no one bothers to try to observe comets when they are so far from the Sun. This flare was observed only because an observatory was tracking Halley’s Comet very carefully.
Sue challenges Anne’s reasoning by
(A) pointing out that Anne’s use of the term
“observed” is excessively vague
(B) drawing attention to an inconsistency between
two of Anne’s claims
(C) presenting evidence that directly contradicts
Anne’s evidence
(D) offering an alternative explanation for the
evidence Anne cites
(E) undermining some of Anne’s evidence while
agreeing with her conclusion
3. Seemingly inconsequential changes in sea temperature due to global warming eventually result in declines in fish and seabird populations. A rise of just two degrees prevents the vertical mixing of seawater from different strata. This restricts the availability of upwelling nutrients to phytoplankton. Since zooplankton, which feed upon phytoplankton, feed the rest of the food chain, the declines are inevitable.
Which one of the following most accurately
describes the role played in the argument by the
statement that zooplankton feed upon
phytoplankton?
(A) It is a hypothesis supported by the fact that
phytoplankton feed on upwelling nutrients.
(B) It is intended to provide an example of the
ways in which the vertical mixing of seawater
affects feeding habits.
(C) It helps show how global temperature changes
affect larger sea animals directly.
(D) It is offered as one reason that global warming
must be curtailed.
(E) It is offered in support of the idea that global
warming poses a threat to all organisms.
4. Nutritionist: Because humans have evolved very little since the development of agriculture, it is clear that humans are still biologically adapted to a diet of wild foods, consisting mainly of raw fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, lean meat, and seafood. Straying from this diet has often resulted in chronic illness and other physical problems. Thus, the more our diet consists of wild foods, the healthier we will be. The claim that humans are still biologically adapted to a diet of wild foods plays which one of the
following roles in the nutritionist’s argument?
(A) It is a conclusion for which the only support
offered is the claim that straying from a diet
of wild foods has often resulted in chronic
illness and other physical problems.
(B) It is a premise for which no justification is
provided, but which is used to support the
argument’s main conclusion.
(C) It is a phenomenon for which the main
conclusion of the nutritionist’s argument is
cited as an explanation.
(D) It is an intermediate conclusion for which one
claim is offered as support, and which is used
in turn to support the argument’s main
conclusion.
(E) It is a premise offered in support of the claim
that humans have evolved very little since
the development of agriculture.
5. Ingrid: Rock music has produced no songs as durable as the songs of the 1940s, which
continue to be recorded by numerous performers.
Jerome: True, rock songs are usually recorded only once. If the original recording continues to be popular, however, that fact can indicate durability, and the best rock songs will prove to be durable.
Jerome responds to Ingrid’s claim by
(A) intentionally misinterpreting the claim
(B) showing that the claim necessarily leads to a
contradiction
(C) undermining the truth of the evidence that
Ingrid presents
(D) suggesting an alternative standard for judging
the point at issue
(E) claiming that Ingrid’s knowledge of the period
under discussion is incomplete
6. Pedigreed dogs, including those officially classified as working dogs, must conform to standards set by organizations that issue pedigrees. Those standards generally specify the physical appearance necessary for a dog to be recognized as belonging to a breed but stipulate nothing about other genetic traits, such as those that enable breeds originally developed as working dogs to perform the work for which they were developed. Since dog breeders try to maintain only those traits specified by pedigree organizations, and traits that breeders do not try to maintain risk being lost, certain traits like herding ability risk being lost among pedigreed dogs. Therefore, pedigree organizations should set standards requiring working ability in pedigreed dogs classified as working dogs.
The phrase “certain traits like herding ability risk
being lost among pedigreed dogs” serves which one
of the following functions in the argument?
(A) It is a claim on which the argument depends
but for which no support is given.
(B) It is a subsidiary conclusion used in support of
the main conclusion.
(C) It acknowledges a possible objection to the
proposal put forth in the argument.
(D) It summarizes the position that the argument
as a whole is directed toward discrediting.
(E) It provides evidence necessary to support a
claim stated earlier in the argument.
No comments:
Post a Comment