1. Human beings have cognitive faculties that are superior to those of other animals, and once humans become aware of these, they cannot be made happy by anything that does not involve gratification of these faculties.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most
calls into question the view above?
(A) Certain animals—dolphins and chimpanzees,
for example—appear to be capable of
rational communication.
(B) Many people familiar both with intellectual
stimulation and with physical pleasures
enjoy the latter more.
(C) Someone who never experienced classical
music as a child will usually prefer popular
music as an adult.
(D) Many people who are serious athletes consider
themselves to be happy.
(E) Many people who are serious athletes love
gourmet food.
2. Loggerhead turtles live and breed in distinct groups, of which some are in the Pacific Ocean and some are in the Atlantic. New evidence suggests that juvenile Pacific loggerheads that feed near the Baja peninsula hatch in Japanese waters 10,000 kilometers away. Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from turtles at the Japanese nesting sites.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the reasoning above?
(A) Nesting sites of loggerhead turtles have been
found off the Pacific coast of North America
several thousand kilometers north of the Baja
peninsula.
(B) The distance between nesting sites and feeding
sites of Atlantic loggerhead turtles is less
than 5,000 kilometers.
(C) Loggerhead hatchlings in Japanese waters have
been declining in number for the last decade
while the number of nesting sites near the
Baja peninsula has remained constant.
(D) Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken
from the Baja turtles match those taken from
Atlantic loggerhead turtles.
(E) Commercial aquariums have been successfully
breeding Atlantic loggerheads with Pacific
loggerheads for the last five years.
3. People who have specialized knowledge about a scientific or technical issue are systematically excluded from juries for trials where the issue is relevant. Thus, trial by jury is not a fair means of settling disputes involving such issues.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?
(A) The more complicated the issue being litigated,
the less likely it is that a juror without
specialized knowledge of the field involved
will be able to comprehend the testimony
being given.
(B) The more a juror knows about a particular
scientific or technical issue involved in a
trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be
prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating
parties before the trial begins.
(C) Appointing an impartial arbitrator is not a fair
means of settling disputes involving
scientific or technical issues, because
arbitrators tend to favor settlements in which
both parties compromise on the issues.
(D) Experts who give testimony on scientific or
technical issues tend to hedge their
conclusions by discussing the possibility of
error.
(E) Expert witnesses in specialized fields often
command fees that are so high that many
people involved in litigation cannot afford
their services.
4. The five senses have traditionally been viewed as distinct yet complementary. Each sense is thought to have its own range of stimuli that are incapable of stimulating the other senses. However, recent research has discovered that some people taste a banana and claim that they are tasting blue, or see a color and say that it has a specific smell. This shows
that such people, called synesthesiacs, have senses that do not respect the usual boundaries between the five recognized senses.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most
seriously weakens the argument?
(A) Synesthesiacs demonstrate a general,
systematic impairment in their ability to use
and understand words.
(B) Recent evidence strongly suggests that there
are other senses besides sight, touch, smell,
hearing, and taste.
(C) The particular ways in which sensory
experiences overlap in synesthesiacs follow a
definite pattern.
(D) The synesthetic phenomenon has been
described in the legends of various cultures.
(E) Synesthesiacs can be temporarily rid of their
synesthetic experiences by the use of drugs.
5. Archaeologist: A skeleton of a North American mastodon that became extinct at the peak of the Ice Age was recently discovered. It contains a human-made projectile dissimilar to any found in that part of Eurasia closest to North America. Thus, since Eurasians did not settle in North America until shortly before the peak of the Ice Age, the first Eurasian settlers in North America probably came from a more distant part of Eurasia.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the archaeologist’s argument?
(A) The projectile found in the mastodon does not
resemble any that were used in Eurasia before
or during the Ice Age.
(B) The people who occupied the Eurasian area
closest to North America remained nomadic
throughout the Ice Age.
(C) The skeleton of a bear from the same place and
time as the mastodon skeleton contains a
similar projectile.
(D) Other North American artifacts from the peak of
the Ice Age are similar to ones from the same
time found in more distant parts of Eurasia.
(E) Climatic conditions in North America just
before the Ice Age were more conducive to
human habitation than were those in the part
of Eurasia closest to North America at that
time.
6. Lobsters and other crustaceans eaten by humans are more likely to contract gill diseases when sewage contaminates their water. Under a recent proposal, millions of gallons of local sewage each day would be rerouted many kilometers offshore. Although this would substantially reduce the amount of sewage in the harbor where lobsters are caught, the proposal is pointless, because hardly any lobsters live long enough to be harmed by those diseases.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?
(A) Contaminants in the harbor other than sewage
are equally harmful to lobsters.
(B) Lobsters, like other crustaceans, live longer in
the open ocean than in industrial harbors.
(C) Lobsters breed as readily in sewagecontaminated
water as in unpolluted water.
(D) Gill diseases cannot be detected by examining
the surface of the lobster.
(E) Humans often become ill as a result of eating
lobsters with gill diseases.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most
calls into question the view above?
(A) Certain animals—dolphins and chimpanzees,
for example—appear to be capable of
rational communication.
(B) Many people familiar both with intellectual
stimulation and with physical pleasures
enjoy the latter more.
(C) Someone who never experienced classical
music as a child will usually prefer popular
music as an adult.
(D) Many people who are serious athletes consider
themselves to be happy.
(E) Many people who are serious athletes love
gourmet food.
2. Loggerhead turtles live and breed in distinct groups, of which some are in the Pacific Ocean and some are in the Atlantic. New evidence suggests that juvenile Pacific loggerheads that feed near the Baja peninsula hatch in Japanese waters 10,000 kilometers away. Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from turtles at the Japanese nesting sites.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the reasoning above?
(A) Nesting sites of loggerhead turtles have been
found off the Pacific coast of North America
several thousand kilometers north of the Baja
peninsula.
(B) The distance between nesting sites and feeding
sites of Atlantic loggerhead turtles is less
than 5,000 kilometers.
(C) Loggerhead hatchlings in Japanese waters have
been declining in number for the last decade
while the number of nesting sites near the
Baja peninsula has remained constant.
(D) Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken
from the Baja turtles match those taken from
Atlantic loggerhead turtles.
(E) Commercial aquariums have been successfully
breeding Atlantic loggerheads with Pacific
loggerheads for the last five years.
3. People who have specialized knowledge about a scientific or technical issue are systematically excluded from juries for trials where the issue is relevant. Thus, trial by jury is not a fair means of settling disputes involving such issues.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?
(A) The more complicated the issue being litigated,
the less likely it is that a juror without
specialized knowledge of the field involved
will be able to comprehend the testimony
being given.
(B) The more a juror knows about a particular
scientific or technical issue involved in a
trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be
prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating
parties before the trial begins.
(C) Appointing an impartial arbitrator is not a fair
means of settling disputes involving
scientific or technical issues, because
arbitrators tend to favor settlements in which
both parties compromise on the issues.
(D) Experts who give testimony on scientific or
technical issues tend to hedge their
conclusions by discussing the possibility of
error.
(E) Expert witnesses in specialized fields often
command fees that are so high that many
people involved in litigation cannot afford
their services.
4. The five senses have traditionally been viewed as distinct yet complementary. Each sense is thought to have its own range of stimuli that are incapable of stimulating the other senses. However, recent research has discovered that some people taste a banana and claim that they are tasting blue, or see a color and say that it has a specific smell. This shows
that such people, called synesthesiacs, have senses that do not respect the usual boundaries between the five recognized senses.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most
seriously weakens the argument?
(A) Synesthesiacs demonstrate a general,
systematic impairment in their ability to use
and understand words.
(B) Recent evidence strongly suggests that there
are other senses besides sight, touch, smell,
hearing, and taste.
(C) The particular ways in which sensory
experiences overlap in synesthesiacs follow a
definite pattern.
(D) The synesthetic phenomenon has been
described in the legends of various cultures.
(E) Synesthesiacs can be temporarily rid of their
synesthetic experiences by the use of drugs.
5. Archaeologist: A skeleton of a North American mastodon that became extinct at the peak of the Ice Age was recently discovered. It contains a human-made projectile dissimilar to any found in that part of Eurasia closest to North America. Thus, since Eurasians did not settle in North America until shortly before the peak of the Ice Age, the first Eurasian settlers in North America probably came from a more distant part of Eurasia.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the archaeologist’s argument?
(A) The projectile found in the mastodon does not
resemble any that were used in Eurasia before
or during the Ice Age.
(B) The people who occupied the Eurasian area
closest to North America remained nomadic
throughout the Ice Age.
(C) The skeleton of a bear from the same place and
time as the mastodon skeleton contains a
similar projectile.
(D) Other North American artifacts from the peak of
the Ice Age are similar to ones from the same
time found in more distant parts of Eurasia.
(E) Climatic conditions in North America just
before the Ice Age were more conducive to
human habitation than were those in the part
of Eurasia closest to North America at that
time.
6. Lobsters and other crustaceans eaten by humans are more likely to contract gill diseases when sewage contaminates their water. Under a recent proposal, millions of gallons of local sewage each day would be rerouted many kilometers offshore. Although this would substantially reduce the amount of sewage in the harbor where lobsters are caught, the proposal is pointless, because hardly any lobsters live long enough to be harmed by those diseases.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?
(A) Contaminants in the harbor other than sewage
are equally harmful to lobsters.
(B) Lobsters, like other crustaceans, live longer in
the open ocean than in industrial harbors.
(C) Lobsters breed as readily in sewagecontaminated
water as in unpolluted water.
(D) Gill diseases cannot be detected by examining
the surface of the lobster.
(E) Humans often become ill as a result of eating
lobsters with gill diseases.
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