Sufficient and Necessary Question Set
1. It is a principle of economics that a nation can experience economic growth only when consumer confidence is balanced with a small amount of consumer skepticism.
Which one of the following is an application of the
economic principle above?
(A) Any nation in which consumer confidence is
balanced with a small amount of consumer
skepticism will experience economic growth.
(B) Any nation in which the prevailing attitude of
consumers is not skepticism will experience
economic growth.
(C) Any nation in which the prevailing attitude of
consumers is either exclusively confidence or
exclusively skepticism will experience
economic growth.
(D) Any nation in which the prevailing attitude of
consumers is exclusively confidence will not
experience economic growth.
(E) Any nation in which consumer skepticism is
balanced with a small amount of consumer
confidence will experience economic growth.
2. Editorialist: Drivers with a large number of demerit points who additionally have been convicted of a serious driving-related offense should either be sentenced to jail or be forced to receive driver reeducation, since to do otherwise would be to allow a crime to go unpunished. Only if such drivers are likely to be made more responsible drivers should driver re-education be recommended for them. Unfortunately, it is always almost impossible to make drivers with a large number of demerit points more responsible drivers.
If the editorialist’s statements are true, they provide
the most support for which one of the following?
(A) Drivers with a large number of demerit points
who have been convicted of a serious
driving-related offense should be sent to jail.
(B) Driver re-education offers the best chance of
making drivers with a large number of
demerit points responsible drivers.
(C) Driver re-education is not a harsh enough
punishment for anyone convicted of a serious
driving-related offense who has also
accumulated a large number of demerit
points.
(D) Driver re-education should not be
recommended for those who have committed
no serious driving-related offenses.
(E) Drivers with a large number of demerit points
but no conviction for a serious
driving-related offense should receive driver
re-education rather than jail.
3. Muscular strength is a limited resource, and athletic techniques help to use this resource efficiently. Since top athletes do not differ greatly from each other in muscular strength, it follows that a requirement for an athlete to become a champion is a superior mastery of athletic techniques.
Which one of the following most accurately
expresses the conclusion of the argument?
(A) Only champion athletes have a superior
mastery of athletic techniques.
(B) Superior muscular strength is a requirement for
an athlete to become a champion.
(C) No athlete can become a champion without a
superior mastery of athletic techniques.
(D) The differences in muscular strength between
top athletes are not great.
(E) Athletic techniques help athletes use limited
resources efficiently.
4. If there are any inspired musical performances in the concert, the audience will be treated to a good show. But there will not be a good show unless there are sophisticated listeners in the audience, and to be a sophisticated listener one must understand one’s
musical roots.
If all of the statements above are true, which one of
the following must also be true?
(A) If there are no sophisticated listeners in the
audience, then there will be no inspired
musical performances in the concert.
(B) No people who understand their musical roots
will be in the audience if the audience will
not be treated to a good show.
(C) If there will be people in the audience who
understand their musical roots, then at least
one musical performance in the concert will
be inspired.
(D) The audience will be treated to a good show
unless there are people in the audience who
do not understand their musical roots.
(E) If there are sophisticated listeners in the
audience, then there will be inspired musical
performances in the concert.
5. A politician can neither be reelected nor avoid censure by his or her colleagues if that politician is known to be involved in any serious scandals. Several prominent politicians have just now been shown to be involved in a conspiracy that turned into a serious scandal. These politicians will therefore not be reelected.
If the statements above are all true, which one of the
following statements must also be true?
(A) The prominent politicians cannot escape
censure by their colleagues.
(B) If there had been no scandal, the prominent
politicians would be reelected.
(C) No politician is censured unless he or she is
known to be involved in a serious scandal.
(D) The prominent politicians initially benefited
from the conspiracy that caused the scandal.
(E) Some politicians who are involved in
scandalous conspiracies avoid detection and
censure.
6. Leachate is a solution, frequently highly contaminated, that develops when water permeates a landfill site. If and only if the landfill’s capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachate escape into the environment, generally in unpredictable quantities. A method must be found for disposing of leachate. Most landfill leachate is sent directly to
sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water.
Which one of the following can be inferred from the
passage?
(A) The ability to predict the volume of escaping
landfill leachate would help solve the
disposal problem.
(B) If any water permeates a landfill, leachate will
escape into the environment.
(C) No sewage treatment plants are capable of
handling leachate.
(D) Some landfill leachate is sent to sewage
treatment plants that are incapable of
handling it.
(E) If leachate does not escape from a landfill into
the environment, then the landfill’s capacity
to hold liquids has not been exceeded.
1. It is a principle of economics that a nation can experience economic growth only when consumer confidence is balanced with a small amount of consumer skepticism.
Which one of the following is an application of the
economic principle above?
(A) Any nation in which consumer confidence is
balanced with a small amount of consumer
skepticism will experience economic growth.
(B) Any nation in which the prevailing attitude of
consumers is not skepticism will experience
economic growth.
(C) Any nation in which the prevailing attitude of
consumers is either exclusively confidence or
exclusively skepticism will experience
economic growth.
(D) Any nation in which the prevailing attitude of
consumers is exclusively confidence will not
experience economic growth.
(E) Any nation in which consumer skepticism is
balanced with a small amount of consumer
confidence will experience economic growth.
2. Editorialist: Drivers with a large number of demerit points who additionally have been convicted of a serious driving-related offense should either be sentenced to jail or be forced to receive driver reeducation, since to do otherwise would be to allow a crime to go unpunished. Only if such drivers are likely to be made more responsible drivers should driver re-education be recommended for them. Unfortunately, it is always almost impossible to make drivers with a large number of demerit points more responsible drivers.
If the editorialist’s statements are true, they provide
the most support for which one of the following?
(A) Drivers with a large number of demerit points
who have been convicted of a serious
driving-related offense should be sent to jail.
(B) Driver re-education offers the best chance of
making drivers with a large number of
demerit points responsible drivers.
(C) Driver re-education is not a harsh enough
punishment for anyone convicted of a serious
driving-related offense who has also
accumulated a large number of demerit
points.
(D) Driver re-education should not be
recommended for those who have committed
no serious driving-related offenses.
(E) Drivers with a large number of demerit points
but no conviction for a serious
driving-related offense should receive driver
re-education rather than jail.
3. Muscular strength is a limited resource, and athletic techniques help to use this resource efficiently. Since top athletes do not differ greatly from each other in muscular strength, it follows that a requirement for an athlete to become a champion is a superior mastery of athletic techniques.
Which one of the following most accurately
expresses the conclusion of the argument?
(A) Only champion athletes have a superior
mastery of athletic techniques.
(B) Superior muscular strength is a requirement for
an athlete to become a champion.
(C) No athlete can become a champion without a
superior mastery of athletic techniques.
(D) The differences in muscular strength between
top athletes are not great.
(E) Athletic techniques help athletes use limited
resources efficiently.
4. If there are any inspired musical performances in the concert, the audience will be treated to a good show. But there will not be a good show unless there are sophisticated listeners in the audience, and to be a sophisticated listener one must understand one’s
musical roots.
If all of the statements above are true, which one of
the following must also be true?
(A) If there are no sophisticated listeners in the
audience, then there will be no inspired
musical performances in the concert.
(B) No people who understand their musical roots
will be in the audience if the audience will
not be treated to a good show.
(C) If there will be people in the audience who
understand their musical roots, then at least
one musical performance in the concert will
be inspired.
(D) The audience will be treated to a good show
unless there are people in the audience who
do not understand their musical roots.
(E) If there are sophisticated listeners in the
audience, then there will be inspired musical
performances in the concert.
5. A politician can neither be reelected nor avoid censure by his or her colleagues if that politician is known to be involved in any serious scandals. Several prominent politicians have just now been shown to be involved in a conspiracy that turned into a serious scandal. These politicians will therefore not be reelected.
If the statements above are all true, which one of the
following statements must also be true?
(A) The prominent politicians cannot escape
censure by their colleagues.
(B) If there had been no scandal, the prominent
politicians would be reelected.
(C) No politician is censured unless he or she is
known to be involved in a serious scandal.
(D) The prominent politicians initially benefited
from the conspiracy that caused the scandal.
(E) Some politicians who are involved in
scandalous conspiracies avoid detection and
censure.
6. Leachate is a solution, frequently highly contaminated, that develops when water permeates a landfill site. If and only if the landfill’s capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachate escape into the environment, generally in unpredictable quantities. A method must be found for disposing of leachate. Most landfill leachate is sent directly to
sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water.
Which one of the following can be inferred from the
passage?
(A) The ability to predict the volume of escaping
landfill leachate would help solve the
disposal problem.
(B) If any water permeates a landfill, leachate will
escape into the environment.
(C) No sewage treatment plants are capable of
handling leachate.
(D) Some landfill leachate is sent to sewage
treatment plants that are incapable of
handling it.
(E) If leachate does not escape from a landfill into
the environment, then the landfill’s capacity
to hold liquids has not been exceeded.
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