Yes, you must memorize these two lists! They are incredibly helpful when you
are trying to identify the presence of conditional reasoning.
So far we have discussed the nature of conditional relationships and what
inferences can be made from a conditional statement. Now we turn to
recognizing conditionality when it is present. One of the factors that makes
identifying conditional statements difficult is that so many different words and
phrases can be used to introduce a sufficient or necessary condition. The test
makers have the advantage of variety in this regard, and so you must learn to
recognize conditional reasoning when it is present in a stimulus. Take a
moment to examine each of the following statements. Are they similar or
different?
1. To get an A+ you must study.
2. Studying is necessary to get an A+.
3. When someone gets an A+, it shows they must have studied.
4. Only someone who studies can get an A+.
5. You will get an A+ only if you study.
You may be surprised to discover that each statement is diagrammed exactly
the same way:
Sufficient Necessary
A+ Study
In Logical Reasoning problems it is essential that you be able to recognize the
many terms that identify and precede sufficient and necessary terms. The test
makers frequently use the following words or phrases to introduce conditional
reasoning:
To introduce a sufficient condition: To introduce a necessary condition:
If Then
When Only
Whenever Only if
Every Must
All Required
Any Unless
People who Except
In order to Until
Without
These lists are by no means comprehensive. Due to the vagaries of the English
language many different terms can be used to introduce conditional
statements. Since these lists can assist you in recognizing the types of
situations where conditional statements arise, your first step should be to
memorize the indicator words on each list. After you are comfortable with
each word, focus on understanding the meaning of each conditional statement
you encounter. Ultimately, your understanding of the relationship between
sufficient and necessary conditions will allow you to easily manipulate any
problem.
are trying to identify the presence of conditional reasoning.
So far we have discussed the nature of conditional relationships and what
inferences can be made from a conditional statement. Now we turn to
recognizing conditionality when it is present. One of the factors that makes
identifying conditional statements difficult is that so many different words and
phrases can be used to introduce a sufficient or necessary condition. The test
makers have the advantage of variety in this regard, and so you must learn to
recognize conditional reasoning when it is present in a stimulus. Take a
moment to examine each of the following statements. Are they similar or
different?
1. To get an A+ you must study.
2. Studying is necessary to get an A+.
3. When someone gets an A+, it shows they must have studied.
4. Only someone who studies can get an A+.
5. You will get an A+ only if you study.
You may be surprised to discover that each statement is diagrammed exactly
the same way:
Sufficient Necessary
A+ Study
In Logical Reasoning problems it is essential that you be able to recognize the
many terms that identify and precede sufficient and necessary terms. The test
makers frequently use the following words or phrases to introduce conditional
reasoning:
To introduce a sufficient condition: To introduce a necessary condition:
If Then
When Only
Whenever Only if
Every Must
All Required
Any Unless
People who Except
In order to Until
Without
These lists are by no means comprehensive. Due to the vagaries of the English
language many different terms can be used to introduce conditional
statements. Since these lists can assist you in recognizing the types of
situations where conditional statements arise, your first step should be to
memorize the indicator words on each list. After you are comfortable with
each word, focus on understanding the meaning of each conditional statement
you encounter. Ultimately, your understanding of the relationship between
sufficient and necessary conditions will allow you to easily manipulate any
problem.
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