1. Politician: Those economists who claim that consumer price increases have averaged less
than 3 percent over the last year are mistaken. They clearly have not shopped anywhere
recently. Gasoline is up 10 percent over the last year; my auto insurance, 12 percent; newspapers, 15 percent; propane, 13%; bread, 50 percent.
The reasoning in the politician’s argument is most
vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the
argument
(A) impugns the character of the economists rather
than addressing their arguments
(B) fails to show that the economists mentioned are
not experts in the area of consumer prices
(C) mistakenly infers that something is not true
from the claim that it has not been shown to
be so
(D) uses evidence drawn from a small sample that
may well be unrepresentative
(E) attempts to persuade by making an emotional
appeal
2. Ditrama is a federation made up of three autonomous regions: Korva, Mitro, and Guadar. Under the federal revenue-sharing plan, each region receives a share of federal revenues equal to the share of the total population of Ditrama residing in that region, as shown by a yearly population survey. Last year, the percentage of federal revenues Korva received for its
share decreased somewhat even though the population survey on which the revenue-sharing was based showed that Korva’s population had increased.
If the statements above are true, which one of the
following must also have been shown by the
population survey on which last year’s
revenue-sharing in Ditrama was based?
(A) Of the three regions, Korva had the smallest
number of residents.
(B) The population of Korva grew by a smaller
percentage than it did in previous years.
(C) The populations of Mitro and Guadar each
increased by a percentage that exceeded the
percentage by which the population of
Korva increased.
(D) Of the three regions, Korva’s numerical
increase in population was the smallest.
(E) Korva’s population grew by a smaller
percentage than did the population of at
least one of the other two autonomous
regions.
3. In 1980, Country A had a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) that was $5,000 higher than that of the European Economic Community. By 1990, the difference, when adjusted for inflation, had increased to $6,000. Since a rising per capita GDP indicates a
rising average standard of living, the average of living in Country A must have risen between 1980 and 1990.
Which one of the following is an assumption on
which the argument depends?
(A) Between 1980 and 1990, Country A and the
European Economic Community
experienced the same percentage increase in
population.
(B) Between 1980 and 1990, the average standard
of living in the European Economic
Community fell.
(C) Some member countries of the European
Economic Community had, during the
1980s, a higher average standard of living
than Country A.
(D) The per capita GDP of the European Economic
Community was not lower by more than
$1,000 in 1990 than it had been in 1980.
(E) In 1990, no member country of the European
Economic Community had a per capita GDP
higher than that of Country A.
4. Students from outside the province of Markland, who in any given academic year pay twice as much tuition each as do students from Markland, had accounted for at least two-thirds of the enrollment at Central Markland College. Over the past 10 years academic standards at the college have risen, and the proportion of students who are not Marklanders has dropped to around 40 percent.
Which one of the following can be properly inferred
from the statements above?
(A) If it had not been for the high tuition paid by
students from outside Markland, the college
could not have improved its academic
standards over the past 10 years.
(B) If academic standards had not risen over the
past 10 years, students who are not
Marklanders would still account for at least
two-thirds of the college’s enrollment.
(C) Over the past 10 years, the number of students
from Markland increased and the number of
students from outside Markland decreased.
(D) Over the past 10 years, academic standards at
Central Markland College have risen by
more than academic standards at any other
college in Markland.
(E) If the college’s per capita revenue from tuition
has remained the same, tuition fees have
increased over the past 10 years.
than 3 percent over the last year are mistaken. They clearly have not shopped anywhere
recently. Gasoline is up 10 percent over the last year; my auto insurance, 12 percent; newspapers, 15 percent; propane, 13%; bread, 50 percent.
The reasoning in the politician’s argument is most
vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the
argument
(A) impugns the character of the economists rather
than addressing their arguments
(B) fails to show that the economists mentioned are
not experts in the area of consumer prices
(C) mistakenly infers that something is not true
from the claim that it has not been shown to
be so
(D) uses evidence drawn from a small sample that
may well be unrepresentative
(E) attempts to persuade by making an emotional
appeal
2. Ditrama is a federation made up of three autonomous regions: Korva, Mitro, and Guadar. Under the federal revenue-sharing plan, each region receives a share of federal revenues equal to the share of the total population of Ditrama residing in that region, as shown by a yearly population survey. Last year, the percentage of federal revenues Korva received for its
share decreased somewhat even though the population survey on which the revenue-sharing was based showed that Korva’s population had increased.
If the statements above are true, which one of the
following must also have been shown by the
population survey on which last year’s
revenue-sharing in Ditrama was based?
(A) Of the three regions, Korva had the smallest
number of residents.
(B) The population of Korva grew by a smaller
percentage than it did in previous years.
(C) The populations of Mitro and Guadar each
increased by a percentage that exceeded the
percentage by which the population of
Korva increased.
(D) Of the three regions, Korva’s numerical
increase in population was the smallest.
(E) Korva’s population grew by a smaller
percentage than did the population of at
least one of the other two autonomous
regions.
3. In 1980, Country A had a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) that was $5,000 higher than that of the European Economic Community. By 1990, the difference, when adjusted for inflation, had increased to $6,000. Since a rising per capita GDP indicates a
rising average standard of living, the average of living in Country A must have risen between 1980 and 1990.
Which one of the following is an assumption on
which the argument depends?
(A) Between 1980 and 1990, Country A and the
European Economic Community
experienced the same percentage increase in
population.
(B) Between 1980 and 1990, the average standard
of living in the European Economic
Community fell.
(C) Some member countries of the European
Economic Community had, during the
1980s, a higher average standard of living
than Country A.
(D) The per capita GDP of the European Economic
Community was not lower by more than
$1,000 in 1990 than it had been in 1980.
(E) In 1990, no member country of the European
Economic Community had a per capita GDP
higher than that of Country A.
4. Students from outside the province of Markland, who in any given academic year pay twice as much tuition each as do students from Markland, had accounted for at least two-thirds of the enrollment at Central Markland College. Over the past 10 years academic standards at the college have risen, and the proportion of students who are not Marklanders has dropped to around 40 percent.
Which one of the following can be properly inferred
from the statements above?
(A) If it had not been for the high tuition paid by
students from outside Markland, the college
could not have improved its academic
standards over the past 10 years.
(B) If academic standards had not risen over the
past 10 years, students who are not
Marklanders would still account for at least
two-thirds of the college’s enrollment.
(C) Over the past 10 years, the number of students
from Markland increased and the number of
students from outside Markland decreased.
(D) Over the past 10 years, academic standards at
Central Markland College have risen by
more than academic standards at any other
college in Markland.
(E) If the college’s per capita revenue from tuition
has remained the same, tuition fees have
increased over the past 10 years.
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